Post by carpathianpeasant on Aug 22, 2015 5:30:59 GMT -6
I have purchased a couple of books by Michio Kaku and I have revisited a series of lectures by Neil DeGrasse Tyson. This has shown me that I was wrong to equate electric charge with the spin of subatomic particles.
I am not sure just what structural difference theoreticians use to explain the -1 value of an electron, but it isn't the spin.
When I thought about it I realized that the neutron would also spin and yet it has a neutral electric value. The existence of quarks is the accepted concept of how protons differ from neutrons and what happens when protons and neutrons are created and destroyed.
There are recognized to be six different types of quarks depending on whether the matter is low energy, medium energy or high energy. In our world the matter is low energy and the two quarks are called up and down quarks.
Quarks have fractional electrical values. An up quark has a value of +2/3 and a down quark has a value of -1/3.
There again, theoreticians may have some theory about how this happens but everything I have read so far just states these as accepted fact.
Protons are made of two Up and one Down quark. The neutron is made of two Down and one Up quark. This is how the proton becomes a +1 and a neutron becomes neutral or zero.
There are considered to be four forces that operate in our universe.
There is gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong force (nuclear binding force that bind protons and neutrons in the nucleus), and the weak force (the force that rules nuclear decay).
Electricity and magnetism were initially thought to be separate forces but were shown to be different aspects of the same force. Scientists near the end of the last century realized that the weak force can be treated as a manifestation of the same force (electro-magnestism). The Nobel Prize in 1979 was awarded to three physicists who showed how to unite the weak and the electro-magnetic forces into one force, called the "electro-weak" force. Similarly, physicists believe that another theory called the grand unified theory may unite the electro-weak force with the strong force.
So they were approaching the vision of Einstein in his quest for the unified field theory.
The elusive element of that theory is gravity. Gravity is different from the other forces that all other attempts except string theory united with the super-gravity theory have failed to be a theory of everything.
Einstein's theory of general relativity works very well for the very large scale of reality. Quantum theory works very well for the very small scale of reality, and both are very usuable theories that yield correct predictions and results.
They are separate and distinct theories functioning totally independent of each other.
Super string theory (M-theory) views them as being necessary components and quantum theory and general relativity are keys to making super string theory work. Super string theory goes beyond them with a guantum theory of gravity.
The results are intriguing with the probability of multi-dimensional realities in a multi-verse with infinite numbers of "universes" that are born and die.
In conclusion, the electro-magnetic principles of quantum theory are part and parcel of super string theory. All the particles theorized and proven are perfectly explained through super string theory as predictable vibrations of strings and membranes.
The four forces are united as manifestations of one fundamental force.
Well, this is another that I have read and have not been able to follow very well. Electricity is a force that goes somewhere. Seems like that would mean that wherever it left there would be a void that could be filled with something. And, I'll leave things at that.